Whether you own a classic Volvo 240 or a modern XC90, identifying your transmission type helps ensure you can access the right parts, follow the correct service procedures, and maximize the vehicle’s performance.
Identify model year and engine type
Volvo’s transmission types vary widely based on the model year and engine type. The evolution of transmissions in Volvo vehicles can be traced back several decades, with specific models and engines being paired with different transmission technologies depending on the vehicle’s intended use, market trends, and technological advancements.
Early Volvo Transmissions (1960s and 70s)
In the 1960s and 70s, Volvo predominantly used the British-made Borg-Warner BW-35, a 3-speed automatic transmission. This was a simple, yet reliable, automatic transmission found in various Volvo models of the time, including the Volvo Amazon and early 240 models. Over time, this transmission evolved into the BW-55 and AW-55, used in later models.
- BW-35: This was a popular choice for many European cars during the 60s and 70s, including Volvo. It featured a torque converter and hydraulic control system, providing a smooth yet simple driving experience. However, it was eventually replaced as automotive technology advanced.
- BW-55: The Borg-Warner BW-55 was a 3-speed automatic transmission, an improved version of the BW-35, offering better fuel efficiency and smoother shifts.
Volvo Transmissions in the 1980s and 90s
During the 1980s, Volvo began using Aisin-Warner transmissions, which provided better performance and durability. These transmissions were often paired with 4-cylinder engines, especially in the popular Volvo 240 series.
- AW-70 and AW-71: In the 240 series, transmissions like the AW-70 were used for naturally aspirated engines (B19, B200, B230), while the AW-71 was used for turbocharged 4-cylinder engines (B230FT) and V6 engines (B28/B280). These transmissions were known for their robustness and ability to handle the increased power output of turbocharged engines.
Modern Volvo Transmissions
In the late 90s and 2000s, Volvo continued to advance its transmission technology, introducing more sophisticated automatic and manual transmission systems. The AW55-50SN, for example, is a 5-speed automatic transmission that was used in models like the Volvo S60 and XC90, offering a more refined driving experience and improved fuel efficiency.
Summary of Key Models and Transmission Pairings:
- 240 Series: Typically paired with AW-70 for naturally aspirated engines and AW-71 for turbocharged engines.
- 700/900 Series: Manual transmissions such as M45, M46, and M47 were common, while the automatic lineup included AW70, AW71, and AW72.
- S60 Series: The first generation featured a range of transmissions, including 5-speed manuals and automatics. The second and third generations saw the introduction of 6-speed and 8-speed automatics.
- XC90: Early models offered a 6-speed manual transmission, later replaced by more advanced automatic options.
Each transmission type was specifically chosen to match the engine’s power output, intended driving conditions, and market requirements.
How the gearbox is marked
Transmission case markings play a vital role in identifying the specific model of the transmission installed in your Volvo. Each transmission has a unique set of markings stamped or engraved onto the casing that provides critical information, such as the transmission model number and manufacturing details.
Key Case Markings for Volvo Transmissions:
- AW-70: Marked with “03-70,” this transmission was used predominantly in the Volvo 240 series with naturally aspirated engines.
- AW-71: Marked with “03-71,” the AW-71 was paired with more powerful turbocharged engines in the 240 and other models, such as the Volvo 740.
- AW-72L: Used with 16-valve engines, this transmission features unique markings and a modified valve body to handle the increased power output.
The markings on the case are usually located near the transmission’s bell housing or on the main body. They provide essential clues about the transmission type and should be consulted whenever you need to order replacement parts or verify the transmission’s compatibility with your engine.
Manual Transmissions
Volvo has a long history of using manual transmissions, especially in its earlier models. These transmissions were often favored for their simplicity, durability, and the level of control they offered to drivers. Volvo’s manual transmissions can be easily identified by the number of gears they have and the presence of an overdrive feature.
Key Manual Transmissions in Volvo Models:
- M40: A 4-speed manual transmission used in older Volvo models such as the Amazon and early 140 series. This transmission was basic but reliable.
- M41: Similar to the M40 but with the addition of an overdrive gear, the M41 was used in some of the same models as the M40, offering an extra gear for more efficient highway driving.
- M46: A 4-speed manual transmission with overdrive. This was a common transmission in the 240, 740, and 940 series, known for its durability and smooth shifting.
- M47: A 5-speed manual transmission used in later 240 and 740 models. This transmission offered improved fuel efficiency due to the additional gear.
The M-series manual transmissions were designed to handle the relatively modest power outputs of early Volvo engines. However, they were also capable of dealing with the higher torque outputs of later turbocharged engines when paired with overdrive.
Overdrive in Manual Transmissions
Overdrive is a key feature in many of Volvo’s manual transmissions, especially those designed for highway driving. Overdrive reduces engine RPMs at higher speeds, leading to better fuel efficiency and a quieter ride. In the M41 and M46 transmissions, overdrive was an optional feature that could be engaged via a button on the gearshift or a switch on the dashboard.
Automatic Transmissions
Automatic transmissions have been a staple in Volvo’s lineup since the 1960s, with advancements over the decades improving both performance and fuel efficiency. Volvo automatic transmissions are typically paired with specific engine types and can be identified by their model number and key features.
Notable Automatic Transmissions:
- AW-70: Used in the 240 series, this 4-speed automatic transmission was designed for naturally aspirated engines. It was reliable and offered smooth gear transitions.
- AW-71: A more robust version of the AW-70, this transmission was used in models with turbocharged engines, such as the Volvo 740 and 940.
- AW-72L: Designed for use with the 16-valve B234F engine, this transmission featured a lock-up torque converter for improved fuel efficiency and performance.
Lock-Up Torque Converters
Lock-up torque converters are a feature in many Volvo automatic transmissions. These devices improve fuel efficiency by creating a direct connection between the engine and transmission at higher speeds, reducing energy losses from the torque converter. Transmissions with lock-up torque converters, such as the AW-70L and AW-71L, are ideal for highway driving, where fuel efficiency becomes more critical.
Transmission Customization for Engine Families
Volvo Transmissions are often customized to match specific engine families, ensuring optimal performance, longevity, and fuel efficiency. However, installing a transmission from a different engine family can lead to various issues, such as poor shift quality, reduced clutch life, or even mechanical failure.
Engine Families and Transmission Pairing:
- 4-Cylinder Engines: Naturally aspirated engines like the B19, B200, and B230 were often paired with the AW-70, while turbocharged engines like the B230FT were matched with the AW-71 for better handling of the increased torque.
- 6-Cylinder Engines: V6 engines such as the B28 and B280 were typically paired with more robust transmissions, such as the AW-71 or BW-55, capable of handling the higher power output.
- 16-Valve Engines: The AW-72L was specifically designed for 16-valve engines like the B234F, featuring reinforced internals and a modified valve body to manage the higher revs and power output of these engines.
Using the correct transmission for your engine family is essential for maintaining vehicle performance and reliability. If a transmission from a different engine family is installed, it may not be able to handle the engine’s power and torque output correctly, leading to premature wear or failure.
Checking the Transmission ID Plate
One of the most reliable methods for identifying your Volvo’s transmission is by checking the transmission ID plate. This plate contains critical information about the transmission model, including the serial number, part number, and gear ratios. The ID plate is usually located on the transmission’s main body, and the information it provides is essential for ordering replacement parts, scheduling maintenance, or determining the transmission’s compatibility with other components.
ID Plate Information:
- Transmission Model Number: This identifies the specific model of the transmission, such as “TF80-SC” for modern Volvo models.
- Serial Number: A unique identifier for that specific transmission, usually consisting of six or seven digits.
- Part Number: A detailed part number, often split into groups (e.g., a ten-digit number in groups of 4, 3, and 3 for ZF transmissions).
- Gear Ratios and Specifications: The ID plate may also include gear ratios and other key specifications that are crucial for transmission calibration and operation.
Cleaning the Transmission ID Plate
Over time, the ID plate may become dirty or covered in grime, making it difficult to read. To clean the plate without damaging the information:
- Use a solvent cleaner and a rag to gently remove dirt.
- If the plate is painted over, carefully rub off the paint with emery paper, being careful not to damage the engraved or stamped information.
By checking the model year and engine type, examining case markings, and reading the transmission ID plate—you can confidently manage your Volvo’s transmission needs and keep it running smoothly for years to come.